The cultural relevance of the Bic Maxi lighter :: Culture Cultural Lighters Essays

The cultural relevance of the Bic Maxi lighterAccording to William J. Thomson, the natives of Easter Islands method of obtaining re requires considerable preparation of material and patience on the part of the operator. A pointed stick of hard wood is rubbed against a piece of dry paper-mulberry until a groove, is formed, which nally becomes hot from the friction and ignites the lint or ber thrown up at the end of the groove. This is blown into a ame, and dried grass added to it until the re is sufciently established.1 Society is still dependent on re today. If not for bare survival, re is used for some simple enjoyments of life candle lights, barbecues, replaces, etc. But contemporary methods of obtaining re often simply require a ick of the thumb. The portable spendable cigarette lighter is a very ubiquitous tool used by many of us who require a ame once in a while. This paper impart discuss the Bic Maxi lighter (g. 1 soon) and its relationship with some of western cultures conte mporary issues, mainly branding, individual responsibility, the mainstream and ecology. It will illustrate the Maxis cultural relevance by presenting the implications of its belonging to the Bic brand, some background issues related to the Child-Guard mechanism, its popularity and omnipresence, and its impact on the environment. Will follow a discussion of the eminent disappearance of the Maxi as a product dependent on a socially deviant behavior. It is brandedAlthough they are regarded by many as threatening to our health, destructive to our environment and corrupting our children, brands are an important part of the postindustrial commercial life.2 Many recent books have been modulation an anti-brand rhyme Eric Schlossers Fast Food Nation (2001), Franois Dufour and Jos Bovs The World is Not for Sale (2001), and most importantly, Naomi Kleins No Logo Taking get under ones skin at the Brand Bullies (2000). But still, brands are everywhere products, people, countries and companies are all racing to turn themselves into brands to make their image more likeable sic and understandable.3 Madonna, Canada, Starbucks, Martha Stewart, The European Union, Microsoft are all selling the greatness of being alive, surrounded by their music, culture, coffee, craft, money, software, etc. Historically, brands were a form not of exploitation, but of consumer protection. In pre-industrial days, people knew barely what went into their meat pies and which butchers were trustworthy once they moved to cities, they no longer did.

National Association For The Advancement Of Colored People Essay

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People     Born from the Niagara Movement, led by William E. B. DuBois, the NAACPhas had a volatile birth and a lively storey (Beifuss 17E4). The impetus forthe creation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peoplecame in the summer of 1908. Severe race riots in Springfield, Illinois,prompted William English Walling to write articles questioning the treatment ofthe Negro. Reading the articles, Mary White Ovington and Dr. Henry Moskowitzwere compelled to meet with Walling. Consequently, the three along with a groupof black and white citizens had considered the present state of the Negro,disfranchised in the South and taxed while going unrepresented in thegovernment, a national conference take to be held to answer the "NegroQuestion" (Jenkins). It was then that the idea of NAACP was created.     February 12, 1909, Lincolns birthday, a conference to review theprog ress that the nation made since Emancipation Proclamation and to sustainLincolns birthday took place Thereupon, a statement, now known as "The Call",was released. This statement reiterated the treatment of the black race since1865. Many notable figures in history signed "The Call" , e.g., Ida WellsBarnett, Jane Adams, W.E.B. DuBois and John Dewey. In a matter of two months,another conference was held. As a result of that conference, the NAA...

Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - Escape From an Oppressive

Huckleberry Finn - Escape From a Cruel and Oppressive SocietyAmerica... land of the free and home of the brave the utopian society which every European citizen desired to be a part of in the 18th and nineteenth centuries. The revolutionary ideas of The Age of Enlightenment such as democracy and universal male ballot were finally becoming a reality to the philosophers and scholars that so elegantly dreamt of them. America was a playground for the ideas of these enlightened men. To Europeans, and the world for that matter, America had become a phase of mirage, an idealistic version of society, a place of open opportunities. Where else on earth could a man like J. D. Rockefeller rise from the streets to become one of the richest men of his eon? America stood for ideals like life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. People in America had an almost unconditional freedom freedom to worship, write, speak, and live in any manner that so pleased them. But was this freedom for ev eryone? Was America, the utopia for the millions of common men from around world, as great as the philosophers and scholars fantasized? America, as a society, as a country, and as a leader was not as picture perfect as Europeans believed. The United States, under all the gold plating, carried a burden of unsolved national problems, peculiarly racial. The deep scar of slavery had left a dent in the seemingly impenetrable armor of the country. From the times of early colonization to the late 19th century, Africans had been brought over by the thousands in overcrowded and unsanitary slave ships. They were sold like cattle to the highest bidder, an inhumane and despicable act that America, land of the free and home of the brave, allowed to happen... ...1997. 14-17. Leavis, F. R. Viewpoints. 20th Century Interpretations of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice-Hall Inc., 1968. 109-11. Mailloux, Steven. Reading Huckleberry Finn. New Essays on H uckleberry Finn. New York Cambridge University Press, 1985. 107-30. Marx, Leo. Mr. Eliot, Mr. Tilling, and Huckleberry Finn. American Scholar 22. (Aut 1953) 423-40. McKay, Janet H. An Art So High. New Essays on Huckleberry Finn. New York Cambridge University Press, 1985. 61-81. Walker, Nancy. Reformers and vernal Maidens Women and Virtue. Modern Critical Interpretations. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1968. 76-85. Wright, James. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Great Writers of the English Language American Classics. North Bellmore, New York Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1991. 12-17.

Research Paper: Models :: essays research papers

Research Paper Models     My research paper is going to consist of both a research paper and aalbum containing pictures that was collected. My research paper is going toprovide information on what dickens guys imagine and thinlyk ab expose when they think ofwomen. These two guys are Mike, my fighter and Timmy, my cousin. These guys arebasically the guinea pigs in my experiment and their findings exit be collectedin the album. The other half of the research project is the paper that will not notwithstanding(prenominal) explain the project but give information on the pressure that has been puton so many women to look handle perfect and in many ways models.     With the experiment, I handed both Mike and Timmy four magazines twoMademoiselles and two Allures. I then asked them to go done them and rip outthe pictures that they would want "their women" to look like. The collection oftheir ideal women is in the first half of the album. Notice that the picturesare mostly of models that are half dressed, thin and in provactedly positionedposies. The makeup on these women are all perfect and their hair is obviouslynot out of place. The selection of pictures not surprisingly were of women whonot only were half dressed but also in their undergarments. The second half ofthe experiment was basically done in the same way but this sentence I asked forthem to tear out pictures that they would want their wives to look like. Withfour different magazines they tore out pictures of more conservetly dressedwomen. Their selection still consisted of beautiful women, only this timethey were wearing clothes that the average person would be able to wearon the streets and not be called a dirty name. The women were stillbeautifully made up the a hair and makeup but this time it wasnt so dramatictheir poises were also "innocent" Im not surprised. But what did surprise methough was that their style in pajamas totally changed. In the first part of theexperiment the two guys picked out the pictures of the women wearing what Iwould consider "tacky" nightgowns, but for their wives they picked out thepictures where "softer" and a lot less "showy" I guess at that point they didtake into consideration that comfort is more important then what it looks like.These two guys, the guinea pigs, is a very small of a large majority of men withthese expectations. From the information that I gathered from the guys, Mike and

Capital Punishment in America :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Capital Punishment in America        The concept of a emotional republic for a life is as old as civilization itself(McCiellan 9).  Capital punishment, the legal taking of the life of a criminal, has been utilized in response to three distinct catagories of offense. The threecategories are crimes against the person crimes against propertyand crimes which endanger the security of the nation (Horwitz 13).Capital punishment is still in use in the united States today, but has beenabolished by many countries (II 536). The countries that still have the deathpenalty on their books, rarely employ it .         The earliest writings on the subject dates as far back as 2000 B. C.,but it is clear that capital punishment more or less has existed since the birthof mankind (Szumski 25). Throughout history, it has been exercised in closely allcivilizations as a retribution for severe crimes, but sometimes also for thethrill and ex citement. The Romans put slaves and pris acers in the Coliseum aslion pabulum while spectators enjoyed the sight (Horwitz 13).         In the early colonial states, the death penalty was applied for a vastnumber of crimes, just like in England, the principle of the states in this era (II536).  In England, in the 18th century, there were approximately 220 offensespunishable by death.  Some of them would today be considered as misdemeanorsand petty crimes (i. e. blastoff of a rabbit, the theft of a pocket handkerchief,and to cut down a cherry tree) (Horwitz 13). The majority of these were crimesdealing with property. However, transportation became  an alternative toexecution in the seventeenth century. A lot of these criminals were shipped to the U.S.(28).         In the early days of our Constitution, the only segments that showedthat the death penalty existed were two amendments in the Bill of Rights (Lan dau11). These amendments deal with protection and rights of the accused. The fifthamendment prohibits the state from depriving an individual of life without dueprocess of law. The eight amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment.The Supreme Court has still not determined what this phrase means. In one casein the 1890s, the question was if capital punishment violated the eightamendment. The court relied on the matter that a definition of cruel andunusual punishment must reflect the evolving standards of decency that mark theprogress of a maturing society (14). Surveys from this era show that amajority of the people favored the death penalty.         In the pose Ages, capital punishment was also applied to animals

Capital Punishment in America :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Capital Punishment in America        The concept of a manner for a emotional state is as old as civilization itself(McCiellan 9).  Capital punishment, the legal taking of the life of a criminal, has been utilized in response to threesome distinct catagories of offense. The threecategories are crimes against the person crimes against propertyand crimes which endanger the security of the nation (Horwitz 13).Capital punishment is still in use in the United States today, but has beenabolished by many countries (II 536). The countries that still have the deathpenalty on their books, rarely employ it .         The earliest writings on the subject dates as far brook as 2000 B. C.,but it is clear that capital punishment more or less has existed since the birthof mankind (Szumski 25). Throughout history, it has been exercised in almost allcivilizations as a retribution for severe crimes, but sometimes also for thethrill and excitement. The Romans put slaves and prisoners in the Coliseum aslion food while spectators enjoyed the imagination (Horwitz 13).         In the early colonial states, the death penalty was applied for a vastnumber of crimes, just like in England, the ruler of the states in this geological era (II536).  In England, in the 18th century, there were approximately 220 offensespunishable by death.  Some of them would today be considered as misdemeanorsand petty crimes (i. e. shooting of a rabbit, the stealing of a pocket handkerchief,and to cut down a cherry tree) (Horwitz 13). The majority of these were crimesdealing with property. However, transportation became  an alternative toexecution in the 17th century. A potful of these criminals were shipped to the U.S.(28).         In the early days of our Constitution, the only segments that showedthat the death penalty existed were two amendments in the Bill of Rights (Landau11). These amendments deal with protection and rights of the accused. The fifthamendment prohibits the state from depriving an individual of life without dueprocess of law. The eight amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment.The Supreme Court has still not determined what this phrase means. In one casein the 1890s, the question was if capital punishment violated the eightamendment. The court relied on the matter that a definition of cruel andunusual punishment must echo the evolving standards of decency that mark theprogress of a maturing society (14). Surveys from this era show that amajority of the people favored the death penalty.         In the Middle Ages, capital punishment was also applied to animals

Hamlet, Fortinbras, Laertes †Revenge Essay

One of the overriding themes of William Shakespeares hamlet is the futility of vindicate. The most obvious insistence upon revenge in the play is that of small town himself who adjudicates to decent the wrong of the murder of his gravel by Claudius. Both Laertes and Fortinbras are also out to seek revenge. Every unmatched of the three eldest sons had one intimacy in common they all wanted revenge for a slaughtered father. In the time in which this play is set, avenging the murder of a father was part of ones honor, and it had to be done.All of the three sons swore vengeance, and then acted towards getting revenge for the wipeouts of their fathers. Shakespeare demonstrates how rage emerges in many different forms. Hamlet, Laertes, and Fortinbras bring the theme of revenge to life, telling the complexity and richness of human feelings. Hamlets method of revenge is perhaps the poorest method of all. He spends too much time thinking closely his actions and takes no speedy act ion without premeditative conceit.Hamlets reaction to the ghost changed after thought and this was his main problem. His approach to achieving revenge was incorrect from the start. He thought and planned to catch Claudius at the right time he excused himself and reasoned with himself as to why timings were not right. Laertes has no need for revenge until Hamlet kills his father, and he finds out that his sister is dead. It is for this reason that he goes along with the scheme to kill Hamlet, however he falters towards the end.His last words blame Claudius however Hamlet also dies, and so his revenge is complete. After Hamlet kills Polonius, Laertes faces the same problem that Hamlet does a murdered father. Yet, Laertess reaction to his fathers death is very different from Hamlets response to news of his own fathers murder. While Hamlet broods over the murder for much of the play, Laertes -takes immediate action. He storms home from France as soon as he hears the news, raises a cro wd of followers, and invades the palace.Then he starts asking questions unlike Hamlet, who asks a whole gage of questions before he finally gets around to avenging his fathers death. Fortinbras revenge is driven by honor. He is an important foil for Prince Hamlet, who has also lost a father and now finds himself seeking revenge. Fortinbras wishes to recover the territory that was lost when his father died. Fortinbras feels that his fathers death and loss of Norwegian land brings dishonor upon his father and upon himself.Therefore, he needs to recover the land in order to regain his familys honor and the honor of the nation. Fortinbras is also humbled by his fathers death. He believes that regaining the territory lost during the war will restore the honorable conditions in Norway that existed before the war. But, while Hamlet sits around contemplating life and death, Fortinbras takes top and immediate action by raising an army to reclaim Norways lost territories.Though his uncle ( the current king of Norway) diverts Fortinbras from attacking Denmark, in the end, prince Fortinbras helps himself to the Danish throne. Hamlet, Laertes and Fortinbras seek retribution for the violent deaths of their fathers in different ways and for different reasons, but all three acts of revenge contribute to the theme that revenge is ultimately a pointless endeavor. Hamlets brooding over the morality of the act of revenge stands apart from that of the other two men because he represents the coming of a more enlightened age.Cold-blooded murder of the type that Laertes seeks is not acceptable to Hamlet indeed he also seeks everlasting punishment. The revenge of Fortinbras is caused by the need to regain a lost land of little consequence, pointing to the theme of how revenge can be enacted for the most illogical of reasons. Ultimately, the most successful method of revenge was Fortinbras. He did not intend to use violence or cold-blooded murder but rather to seek what is his and b ring back the rights and honor of his father.

Non Communicable Diseases Essay

Health Promotion- Non Communicable DiseasesNon transmissible diseases are leading threat to wellness and development. Non communicable diseases (NCDs) outpace all other causes of morbidity and mortality each year, though most NCDs have modifiable bump factors and are preventable (WHO, 2012). Non communicable or chronic diseases are diseases of long duration and generally slow progression. NCDs are leading causes of death worldwide and 80% of deaths go past in low and middle income countries. The four main types of NCDs are cardiovascular diseases, for instance, heart attacks and strokes, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases such as chronic block pulmonary disease and asthma and diabetes. Such diseases result from genetic or lifestyle factors. Most premature deaths from NCDs are linked to common risk factors, namely tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol and poverty also contribute to rising rates of NCDs. Vulnerable and socially disfavor people in developing countries get sicker and die sooner as a result of NCDs than people of higher socio-economic status. Non communicable diseases represent a major and growing socio-economic burden in developing world. This places undue strain on communities and health system. NCDs require multi-stakeholders solution. Government is coming up with non communicable disease intervention to bring about radical changes that are needed in order to reduce prevalence rate of NCDs. Communities have right to vex appropriate information on reducing the risk of NCDs, so that they are empowered to take the right lifestyle choices. In this assignment, the factors that contribute to the increase relative incidence of non communicable disease are discussed. Health promotion strategy at the community nurses level is discussed with the significance of the use of these health promotion strategies.

Costs and Price

Week I Quiz Results/Answers ECO561 1. Revenue amplifys when * producer surplus increases 2. An increase in the monetary value of an springless undecomposed * increases revenues 3. Price elasticity of Demand increases when * people become less price sensitive over time 4. The purpose of a market in a market system is to * bring buyers and sellers into contact 5. By specializing in the harvestingion of one good, a company is able to benefit from economies of scale which increases its revenue. Which of the avocation is an attribute of specialization? * Saving time by allowing a worker to focus on one task . The market system promotes progress by * providing incentive for technological advances 7. Productive efficiency is achieved when * the best technology is used 8. The market is said to be in proportionality when * neither a shortage nor a surplus exists 9. The market will move to a higher equilibrium price if * the increase in demand is greater than the increase in supply 10. The intersection of supply and demand will be at a lower equilibrium price but a higher equilibrium quantity if * demand is constant and supply increases 11. When a price ceiling occurs the market price will be lower than the equilibrium price 12. Because the goals of staunchs, entrepreneurs, and workers allow different incentives, which of the following principles applies? * Self-interest Week 2 Quiz Results/Answers ECO561 1. Purely competitive theatres increase entireness revenue by * increasing production (To increase revenue, firms look to increase price or quantity, as price multiplied by quantity equals chalk up revenue. Purely competitive firms so-and-so sell as much as they want at the market price. Adding additional wholes of the product does non result in a change in the market price.Therefore, since strictly competitive firms do non influence price, they increase total revenue by increasing quantity). 2. What are two ways for a competitive firm to determine the o ptimal level of production, that is, the level of production that will maximize utility or minimize losses? * Comparing total revenue to total cost or marginal revenue to marginal be (A firm can look at two factors when considering whether it is maximizing profit or minimizing losses. First, it can find the maximum difference between total revenue and total cost.Second, a firm can look at the additional revenue gained from marketing one much unit and at the additional cost from producing that additional unit. As long as the additional revenue from selling one much(prenominal) unit is greater than the cost of producing that unit, the firm will continue to increase its revenue. If the additional cost of producing another unit is greater than the additional revenue generated by selling that additional unit, the firm takes away from its total profit this is the difference between revenue and cost.Thus, a firm maximizes its profit by producing at the station where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. Before that, additional profit can be generated, while after that, the firm reduces it overall profit). 3. Suppose that a firm determines that its marginal revenue is greater than its marginal cost, it would be better to * increase production (Inelastic goods are necessities that consumers continue to purchase even when the price increases. This increases the revenue, as more is paid for each good. The percentage change in price increases faster than the change in quantity, which may remain constant.When more is paid for a good or a service, revenue increases). 4. It is profitable for a firm to continue employing additional resources as long as * marginal Revenue Product = Marginal Resource Cost (As with the optimal level of production for a good, the optimal usage of a resource is determined by ensuring that the revenue from that resource is at least equal to the marginal cost of that resource) 5. As additional units are produced, the marginal revenue product falls for all firms because marginal product decreases.For firms operating(a) in industries that are not short competitive, marginal revenue product also falls because * product price falls as create increases (While perfectly or purely competitive firms must accept the price set by supply and demand in the market, firms facing other market structures moderate almost control over the price they set for their products. However, to increase the quantity demanded of their product, they must decrease their price. In doing so, while some firms may abide the world power to set different prices for different groups, called price discriminating, most firms cannot.As a result, the firm must lower the price on that good for all consumers therefore, the product price falls as output increases) 6. All things being equal, an increase in demand for a product * increases demand for the resources used in its production (When a firm sees an increase in the demand for its product, it will incr ease its production. In doing so, the firm increases the demand for the resources it uses to produce its product. An increase in demand for a product does increase the quantity supplied. The firm sees that it can increase the price on each unit to address the shortage that emerges, so there is more sold.This does not mean that the firm changes the amount of production at the original price) 7. Marginal cost can be delimit as the addition to _____ of one more unit of output. * total protean costs (Marginal cost measures the cost of producing the next unit. Because fixed costs do not change with additional output, they do not add to total fixed costs. In addition, while average costsboth total and fixedchange with additional levels of output, as average costs are divided by the quantity produced, they do not reflect the full addition to the cost.Thus, the cost of producing an additional unit reflects the additional cost of inputs postulate for production (variable costs). 8. If a f irm starts small and, over time, builds successively larger plant sizes or adds additional work space in an office, average total costs are most likely to * initial decrease then increase 9. Demand for resources, including labor, depend on its * productivity While being profitable, available, and neighborly are relevant to the demand for resources, the productivity of the resource in question determines how profitable the good or service will be. 0. The primary difference between increasing- and decreasing-cost industries lies in * the fact that the average total cost (ATC) of firms in increasing-cost industries will first decline and then eventually increase with output, while decreasing-cost firms experience progressively lower ATC with increased output (By definition, an increasing-cost industry experiences a rising ATC as output increases, while a decreasing-cost industry enjoys a lower ATC as output increases. 11. When adding labor or other factors of production, businesses m ay see their total product rise, but see their per-unit increase in return for each additional unit diminish. This phenomenon * is known as diminishing marginal product and has general market application (The diminishing marginal product theory states that the marginal product decreases as a firm, introduces one new input into production while holding all other inputs fixed. ) 12.In the short run, firms should shut down if The correct answer is A. AVC P. In the long term, a firm wants to receive a price greater than the cost of production per unit average total cost. In the short term, a firm may have bills, regardless of whether it is producing anything. For example, a firm may have signed a long-term lease or may have other contracts it is obligated to pay. These costs are generally fixed costs that do not vary with the level of production.However, firms also have a categorization of other costs that are only incurred if the firm is producing variable costs. Thus, in the short t erm, a firm should determine how to minimize the costs it will face, such(prenominal) as closing down and only paying the fixed costs or continuing to travel and incurring both the fixed costs and variable costs but offsetting the variable costs and some of the fixed costs with the revenues earned from production.If the price is less than the average variable cost, then only some of the variable costs will be covered and all of the fixed costs are incurred therefore, the firm is spending more by continuing to operate rather than shutting down. 13. When you are considering the value of a resource in its next best use, you are considering its * opportunity cost Opportunity cost is outlined as the value of the next best use of the resources. In economic terms, opportunity costs include both the explicit costs of production and the unexpressed costs of production. 14.Of the four major market structuresperfectly competitive, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopoly reducing variab le costs of production * enhance profit per-unit, because profit equals revenue negatively charged cost (Under all market structures, the profit maximization rule stays the same, that is MC = MR. A cost reduction in all cases reduces the MC and increases the profit margin. ) Week Three Quiz Results ECO561 1. Answered 2. Answered 3. Answered 4. Answered 5. Answered 6. Answered 7. Unanswered 8. Unanswered 9. Unanswered 10. Unanswered 11. Unanswered 12. Unanswered 13. Unanswered 14. Unanswered - Top of wee Bottom of Form 1. Answered 2. Answered 3. Answered 4. Answered 5. Answered 6. Answered 7. Unanswered 8. Unanswered 9. Unanswered 10. Unanswered 11. Unanswered 12. Unanswered 13. Unanswered 14. Unanswered - Top of Form 7. Marginal cost can be defined as the addition to _____ of one more unit of output. Bottom of Form

Why America Needs More City Parks and Open Space

The Benefits of putting surfaces Why the States Needs to a greater extent City jets and Open Space BY Paul M. Sheerer Published by 116 New Montgomery Street Fourth Floor San Francisco, CA 94105 (415) 495-4014 www. Tip. Org 02006 the Trust for humankind region Reprint of Parks for mint white paper, published In 2003. Table of Contents Forward Will Rogers, Pre grimacent, Trust for earthly concern Land 5 Executive Summary 6 America Needs More City Parks U. S. Cities Are Park-Poor Low-Income Neighborhoods Are Desperately Short of Park Space Case Study New Parks for Los Angles The Public Wants More Parks 8History of Americas City Parks Inspiration, Abandonment, Revival The Decline of City Parks A Revival Begins Budget Crises Threaten City Parks 10 Public Health Benefits of City Parks and Open Space Americas Twin Plagues Physical Inactivity and Obesity Access to Parks Increases Frequency of Exercise picture show to Nature and Greenery Makes tidy sum Healthier 12 Economic Benefits of Parks 14 Increased Property Values Property Values in Low-Income urban Areas Property Values at the Edges of Urban Areas Effects on Commercial Property Values Economic Revitalization Attracting and Retaining Businesses and Residents TourismBenefits Environmental Benefits of Parks Pollution hiatus and Cooling Controlling Stemw ar Runoff 17 Social Benefits of Parks Reducing Crime Recreation Opportunities The Importance of Play Creating Stable Neighborhoods with Strong Community 18 Conclusion 20 Notes 21 Bibliography 24 3 Forward At the turn of the 20th century, the majority of Americans lived in rural areas and sm solely towns, relatively culmi rural area to the land. At the beginning of the 21st century, 85 desperate want of places to experience nature and refresh ourselves in the out-of- doors.The emergence of America as an urban nation was anticipated by Frederick Law Limited and other 19th-century commons visionaries, who gave us New Works Central Park, San Franciscans Gold en Gate Park, and similar grand put in cities across the nation. They were gardeners and designers- only when withal preachers for the power of places, fired from at bottom by the understanding that they were shaping the quality of American lives for generations to come. In the view of these park visionaries, lay were non amenities. They were necessities, providing recreation, inspiration, and essential respite from the urban center blare and bustle. And the visionaries were particularly concerned that parks be available to all of a city residents-especially those who did not fill the resources to scheme to the countryside. As population shifted to the suburbs after World War II, this vision of parks for all faded. Many cities lost the resources to create immature parks. And in the freshly suburbs, the conurbation landscapes of curving CUL-De-sacs were broken virtuallyly by boxy shopping centers and concrete set lots.The time has come for Americans to rededicate themsel ves to the vision of parks for all the nations people. As the actions leading conservation group creating parks in and around cities, the Trust for Public Land (TIP) has launched its Parks for People initiative in the belief that any American child should enjoy convenient get to to a nearby park or playground. This white paper outlines how desperate the need is for city parks-especially in inner-city neighborhoods. And it goes on to describe the social, environmental, economic, and health goods parks bring to a city and its people.TIP hopes this paper will generate discussion about the need for parks, prompt new research on the values f parks to cities, and serve as a reference for government leaders and volunteers as they make the case that parks are essential to the health and well-being of all Americans. You will find more information about the need for city parks and their benefits in the Parks for People section of Taps Web site (www. Tip. Org/poor) where you can also sign- up for Parks for People information and support Taps Parks for People work.TIP is proud to be heightslighting the need for parks in Americas cities. Thanks for Joining our effort to ensure a park within reach of every American home. Will Rogers President, the Trust for Public Land City parks and open office improve our physical and psychological health, strengthen our communities, and make our cities and neighborhoods more attractive places to live and work. But excessively few Americans are able to enjoy these benefits. Eighty percent of Americans live in metropolitan areas, and many of these areas are severely lacking in park aloofness.Only 30 percent of Los Angles residents live within walking distance mile. Low-income neighborhoods live by minorities and recent immigrants are especially short of park space. From an equity standpoint, thither is a strong need to redress this imbalance. In Los Angles, white neighborhoods enjoy 31. 8 acres of park space for every 1,000 people, compared with 1. 7 acres in African-American neighborhoods and 0. 6 acres in Latino neighborhoods. This inequitable distribution of park space harms the residents of these communities and creates substantial costs for the nation as a whole.U. S. Voters have repeatedly shown their willingness to raise their own taxes to pay for new or improved parks. In 2002, 189 conservation funding measures appeared on ballots in 28 states. Voters sanctioned terzetto-quarters of these, generating $10 million in conservation-related funding. Many of the nations great city parks were built in the second one-half of the 19th century. Urban visualiseners believed the parks would improve humanity health, relieve the stresses of urban life, and create a demonstrating earthly concern space where rich and poor would mix on equal terms.By the mid-20th century, city parks fell into slump as people fled inner cities for the suburbs. The suburbs fared no better, as people believed that backyards would m eet the requirement for public open space. Over the past couple of decades, interest in city parks has revived. Governments and civic groups around the country have revalidated run-down city parks, built gre pursues along rivers, converted abandoned railroad lines to trails, and planted bondion gardens in vacant lots.But with the current economic downturn, states and cities facing severe budget crises are slashing their park spending, threatening the health of existing parks, and curtailing the creation of new parks. Strong evidence shows that when people have access to parks, they exercise more. Regular physical activity as been shown to increase health and lop the risk of a wide range of diseases, including heart disease, hypertension, colon cancer, and diabetes. Physical activity also relieves symptoms of depression and anxiety, improves mood, and enhances psychological well-being.Beyond the benefits of exercise, a growing body of research shows that contact with the vivid wo rld improves physical and psychological health. Despite the importance of exercise, only 25 percent of American adults engage in the recommended levels of physical activity, and 29 percent engage in no leisure-time physical activity. The sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy diet of Americans have produced an epidemic of obesity. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has called for the creation of more parks and playgrounds to help fight this epidemic.Numerous studies have shown that parks and open space increase the value of neighboring residential property. Growing evidence points to a similar benefit on commercial property value. The availability of park and recreation facilities is an important quality-of-life factor for corporations choosing where to locate facilities and for well-educated individuals choosing a place to live. City parks much(prenominal) as San Notations Riverview Park often become important tourism draws, contributing heavily Green space in urban areas provides substantial environmental benefits.Trees reduce air pollution and water pollution, they help keep cities cooler, and they are a more effective and less(prenominal) expensive way to manage stemware runoff than create systems of concrete sewers and drainage ditches. City parks also produce important social and companionship evolution benefits. They make inner-city neighborhoods more livable they offer inexpert opportunities for at-risk youth, low-income children, and low-income families and they provide places n low-income neighborhoods where people can feel a sense of community.Access to public parks and recreational facilities has been strongly linked to reductions in crime and in particular to reduced Juvenile delinquency. Community gardens increase residents sense of community ownership and stewardship, provide a focus for neighborhood activities, expose inner-city youth to nature, connect people from diverse cultures, reduce crime by cleaning up vacant lots, and buil d community leaders. In light of these benefits, the Trust for Public Land calls for a revival of the city parks movement of the late 19th century.We invite all Americans to Join the effort to bring parks, open spaces, and greengages into the nations neighborhoods where everyone can benefit from them. 7 The residents of many U. S. Cities lack adequate access to parks and open space near their homes. In 2000, 80 percent of Americans were living in metropolitan areas, up from 48 percent in 1940. 1 The park space in many of these metropolitan areas is grossly inadequate. In Atlanta, for example, parkland covers only 3. 8 percent of the city area.Atlanta has no public green space larger than one-third of a square mile. 2 The city has only 7. Acres of park space for every 1,000 residents, compared with a 19. 1 acre average for other medium-low population density cities. 3 The story is much the same in Los Angles, San Jose, New Orleans, and Dallas. evening in cities that have substantial park space as a whole, the residents of many neighborhoods lack access to nearby parks. In New York City, for example, nearly half of the city 59 community board districts have less than 1. 5 acres of parkland per 1,000 residents. Low-Income Neighborhoods Are Desperately Short of Park Space Low-income neighborhoods populated by minorities and recent immigrants are especially short f park space. Minorities and the poor have historically been shunted off to live on the wrong side of the tracks, in paved-over, industrialized areas with few public amenities. From an equity standpoint, in that location is a strong need to redress this imbalance. In Los Angles, white neighborhoods (where whites make up 75 percent or more of the residents) boast 31. 8 acres of park space for every 1,000 people, compared with 1. 7 acres in African-American neighborhoods and 0. Acres in Latino neighborhoods. 5 This inequitable distribution of park space harms the residents of are costs alone are potentiall y enormous. Lacking places for recreation, minorities and low-income individuals are significantly less likely than whites and high-income individuals to engage in the regular physical activity that is crucial to good health. Among non-Hispanic white adults in the United States, 34. 9 percent engage in regular leisure-time physical activity, compared with only 25. 4 percent of non- Hispanic black adults and 22. 7 percent of Hispanic adults. And adults with incomes below the poverty level are three times as likely as high-income adults to never be physically active. Even where the government or voters have allocated new money for park acquisition, there is significant risk that wealthier and better-organized districts will grab more than their fair share. The Los Angles neighborhood of South Central-with the city second-highest prove- The Trust for Public Land TTY rate, highest share of children, and lowest access to nearby park space-received only about half as much per-child parks funding as affluent West Los Angles from Proposition K amid 1998 and 2000. Case Study New Parks for Los Angles With 28,000 people crammed into its one square mile of low-rise buildings, the city f humankind in Los Angles County is the most thickly populated U. S. City outside the New York City metropolitan area. 10 Its residents-96 percent are Hispanic and 37 percent are children-are often packed five to a bedroom, with entire families living in stores and beds being used on a time-share basis. The Trust for Public Land (TIP) has been working in Manhood since 1996 to purchase, assemble, and convert six separate former industrial sites into a seven-acre riverside park.The project will double Manhoods park space. 11 Before TIP began its work, the afterlife park site was occupied by abandoned arouses and industrial buildings, covered in garbage, graffiti, rusted metal, and barrels of industrial waste. Until the late asses, the parcels contained a glue factory, a transfer facility for solvents, and a truck service facility one parcel was designated an Environmental Protection Agency Superfine site. 12 TIP is preparing to arise the final parcel and has developed preliminary designs for the site.The completed park will invite Manhoods residents to gather at its picnic benches, stroll its walking trails, relax on its lawns, and play with their children in its tot lot. The Manhood project is a precursor of Taps Parks for People-Los Angles program, an ambitious new effort to create parks where they are most desperately needed. The case for more parks in Los Angles is among the most compelling of any American city today. Only 30 percent of its residents live within a quarter mile of a park, compared with between 80 percent and 90 percent in Boston and New York, respectively. 3 If these residents are Latino, African American, or Asian Pacific, they have even less access to green space. TIP has set a goal of creating 25 new open space projects in Los Angles over th e would be invested in undeserved minority communities. To accomplish this goal, TIP will help these communities through the gauntlets of public and secret fundraising, real land transactions, strategic planning, and stewardship issues. Los Angles is also the site of Taps first application of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to assess the need for parks.TIP launched the GIS program in late 2001 in Los 9 O The Trust for Public Land Angles and has since expanded the program to New York, Lass Vegas, Boston, Charlotte, Miami, and Camden and Newark, New Jersey. Taps GIS system uses census, anemographic and other data to map out areas of high population, concentrated poverty, and lack of access to park space. With GIS technology, TIP can now pinpoint the areas of fastest population growth, study landownership patterns, and acquire key parcels before development demand drives up property prices or destroys open space.Further, GIS helps TIP create contiguous park space, protecting n atural habitats and connecting larger parks with linear greengages, quite a than create a patchwork quilt of open space. 14 Voters have repeatedly shown their willingness to raise their own taxes to pay for new or improved parks. In the November 2002 elections, voters in 93 communities in 22 states approved ballot measures that committed $2. 9 billion to acquire and restore land for parks and open space.Voters approved 85 percent of such referendums in these elections. 1 5 Voter support in 2002 increased from the already strong 75 percent grace rate for similar measures in November 2001. 16 History of Americas City Parks Inspiration, Abandonment, Revival During the second half of the 19th century, American cities built grand city parks to improve their residents quality of life. Dubbed 19th-century pleasure grounds by ark historians, the parks include New Works Central Park and San Franciscans Golden Gate Park.Municipal officials of the time dictum these parks as a refuge from th e crowded, polluted, stressful cities-places where citizens could experience fresh air, sunshine, and the spiritually transforming power of nature a place for recreation and a demonstrating public space where rich and poor would mix on equal terms. The new parks were inspired by an anti-urban ideal that dwelt on the traditional prescription for succor from the evils of the city-to escape to the country, Galen Crane writes.The new American parks thus were conceived as great pleasure grounds meant to be pieces of the country, with fresh air, meadows, lakes, and sunshine right in the city. 17 The Decline of City Parks spending on city parks declined. The well-to-do and white abandoned the cities for the suburbs, taking public funding with them. Cities and their parks fell into a spiral of decay. Cities cut park maintenance funds, parks deteriorated, and crime rose many city dwellers came to view places like Central Park as too dangerous to visit. 18 The suburbs that mushroomed at the edges of major cities were often built with little public park space.For residents of these areas, a trip out of the reside means a drive to the shopping mall. Beginning around 1990, many city and town councils began forcing developers to add open space to their projects. Still, these open spaces are often effectively off-limits to the general public in the vast sprawl around Lass Vegas, for example, the newer subdivisions often have open space at their centers, but these spaces are hidden inside a labyrinth of winding streets. Residents of older, low- and middle-income neighborhoods have to get in their cars (if they have one) and drive to find recreation space. 9 More recently, city parks have experienced something of a renaissance which has benefited cities unequally. The trend began in the asses and flourished in the asses as part of a general renewal of urban areas funded by a strong economy. It coincided with a philosophical shift in urban planning away from designing around the automobile and a go on against the alienating modernism of mid-20th-century public architecture, in favor of public spaces that welcome and engage the community in general and the pedestrian in particular.Government authorities, civic groups, and private agencies around the country have worked together to revivalist UN-down city parks, build greengages along formerly polluted rivers, convert abandoned railroad lines to trails, and plant community gardens in vacant lots. The Park at Post Office Square in Boston shows how even a small but well-designed open space can transform its surroundings. Before work on the park began in the late asses, the square was filled by an exceptionally ugly concrete parking garage, blighting an important part of the financial district.Many buildings on the square shifted their entrances and addresses to other streets not facing the square. 20 Completed in 1992, the 1. -acre park is considered one of the most attractive city parks in the United St ates. Its immaculate landscaping-with 125 species of plants, flowers, bushes, and trees-its half-acre lawn, its fountains, and its teak and granite benches lure throngs of workers during lunchtime on warm days.Hidden underneath is a seven-floor parking garage for 1,400 cars, which provides financial support for the park. 21 It clearly, without any question, has enhanced and changed the entire neighborhood, says Serge Denis, managing director of Lee Meridian Hotel Boston, which borders the park. Its absolutely gorgeous. Not surprisingly, rooms 11 Yet disdain such success stories, local communities often lack the transactional and development skills to effectively acquire property and convert it into park space.TIP serves a vital role in this capacity, working closely with local governments and community residents to determine where parks are needed to help develop funding strategies to negotiate and acquire property to plan the park and develop it and finally, to turn it over to the public. Between 1971 and 2002, the Trust for Public Lands work in cities resulted in the acquisition of 532 properties totaling 40,754 cress. In the nations 50 largest cities TIP acquired 138 properties totaling 7,640 acres. 3 In the wake of the bursting of the economic bubble of the late asses, states and cities facing severe budget crises are slashing their park spending. With a projected $2. 4 billion budget shortfall in the two-year period beginning July 2003, Minnesota has cut its aid to local governments, hurting city park systems across the state. The Minneapolis Park & Recreation bill, confronting a 20 percent cut in its funding through 2004, has been forced to respond by deferring maintenance, closing wading lolls and beaches, providing fewer movable toilets, and reducing its mounted police patrol program.The required program cuts represent a huge loss to the Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board and to the children of Minneapolis, says Park Board Superintendent Mary Merri ll Anderson. 24 When Georgians state law-makers went into session in January 2003, lawmakers found themselves grappling with a $650 million budget shortfall. Part of their response was to pass on the planned $30 million in fiscal 2003 funding for the Georgia Community Greengages Program, after appropriating $30 million per fiscal year in 001 and 2002.The legislature also cut the 2004 budget from $30 million to $10 million. The program helps the states fastest-growing counties set aside adequate green space-at least 20 percent of their land-amid all the new subdivisions and strip malls. Most of the affected counties are around Atlanta, among the nations worst examples of urban sprawl. For legislators hunting for budget-cutting targets, Georgians $30 million Community Greengages Program was like a buffalo in the middle of a group of chickens, says David Swan, program director for Taps Atlanta office.The cut makes a compelling argument that we need a commit funding source, so that g reen space acquisition isnt depending on fiscal cycles and the legislature. 25 The federal government has also cut its city parks spending. In 1978, the federal government established the Urban Park and Recreation Recovery (PARR) program to help urban areas rehabilitate their recreational facilities. The program received no funding in fiscal year 2003, down from $28. 9 million in both 2001 and 2002. 26 President Bushs budget proposal for fiscal 2004 also allocates no PARR funding.

Curriculum Alignment Research Suggests That Alignment Can Improve Student Achievement Essay

Alignment is a match between two categories and political program describes what gets taught (Squires, 2012). Curriculum bond attempts to put to maximum effect the relationship among three categories namely the taught programme, the written curriculum, and the test curriculum. It shows how the above can be used to improve scholar achievement thus explaining how the design for a curriculum can be aligned to state standards and state specifications for effective instructional process (Squires, 2012).This article serves to volunteer a backup into a curriculum design that makes sure what is tested gets taught. It also shows the difficulty that is encountered in in having numerous assessment standards and seeks a bureau to eliminate the challenge and secondly a specific curriculum can be potentially aligned to more than one standard.From this article, we get to find from eternal sleep curriculum that when a curriculum is properly aligned, bookman achievement and performance improve s. According to Squires (2012), when taught curriculum is aligned to written standards, there is increased, strong and positive student achievement. Squires (2012) showed textbook studies fostered a confine range of learning strategies such that the emphasis is frequently on problem solving rather than learning by reading, word of honor and argument in order to acquire the knowledge to solve a problem of ones own choosing.Squires (2012) showed that textbooks may not be closely aligned to state tests and it would be prudent for the school territorys to identify the gaps and provide the teachers with materials to cover the gaps. In order to align the state tests (test curriculum) to state standards (written curriculum), Marzano came up with a benchmark for comparing all state and national professional association standards to each other and created a website where the same could be achieved for instance, Archives (www.aligntoachieve.com) provided four criteria for alignment of tex tbooks to standards that are content, performance, level of difficulty and balance and range. From above we also find there is constraint in testing time where only a limited number of concepts can be assessed effectively (Squires, 2012).From (Third International Mathematics and Science Studies) TIMSS study findings, it is significant to note that the content of a countrys curriculum affects student achievement and that for student learning, the extent of opportunities to learn will depend on the time the teacher spends on the topic which translates to greater performance. A district must control time and content covered at a specific time if the results are to improve of which it is the function of the curriculum. The districts can assist in aligning, structuring, implementing and assessing the curriculum (Squires, 2012).ReferenceSquires, D. A. (2012), Curriculum Alignment Research Suggests That Alignment Can Improve Student Achievement, London, Routledge.Source document

Mr. Sun

Module Code PM002 Class/Group Group C Module Title Research Design and Critique judgement Full Research Proposal Assignment Title An investigation into the genes that lick the Glaswegian publics excerption of railway locomote. Student ID Number 2059626 Date of meekness November 29th, 2012 An investigation into the factors that curve the Glaswegian publics choice of cable railway political machine. Rationale The number of automobiles had risen to over 1 billion vehicles all the world in 2010, which is 20 times more than than this number in 1986(Sousanis, John,2011).Car plays a indispensable role in todays society, according to a survey from World Bank(2011), the number of self-possession of motor vehicles per 1,000 quite a little is more than 500 in most of developing countries, especially for Monaco, the number was 908(World Bank Data,2009). Although cars have become more and more commonplace, unless the cars are still expensive commodity, also there is no doubt that t he final decisions are usually made after careful consideration when people purchasing a car(Kathuria, Singla,2012). At the same time, as the vehicle types supplied to be chosen by consumers have become more and more various.When consumer facing with great of choices, they become more and more conf apply and irresolute. With the segmentation of automobile securities industry, the factors that affect the public car choices are more and more diversified. According to Couton et al. (2006), various studies have utilise hedonic price modeling to show that price variation among sore cars can be explained by differences in describe product characteristics such(prenominal) as horsepower, engine capacity, speed, and safety features. However, these measurable variables may not be the main explanatory factors which give influence the choice of consumers.Based on the above mentioned content, this search will focus on the decisive factors which will impact the publics final choice of car, especially in the Glasgow area due to investigations and studies in the field will be carried out and conducted in this city. Its results would probably benefit to car dealers and consumers. Especially for car manufacturers, they can according to consumer gustatory sensations to redesign and improve vehicles to gain better market performance. 1. What are the choices the public have when get a car? 2. What are the main factors influencing publics choices? . What variables affect these factors? Annotate Bibliography Banerjee,S. (2010) ,Study on Consumer Buying Behavior During corrupt of a certify Car , Journal of Marketing & Communication ,6 (2),4-13. This essay describes that for different types of automobiles, the main factors affect consumers purchase is slightly different in choosing a particular leaf blade is always based on the different set of consumers towards various preference parameter. For different market segments of vehicle, dimensions are different. A victorious car brand has had to accept and adopt these dimensions.In addition, the author also pointed out that there are more common factors influence the publics choice between consumers to buying a second car and purchasing the first one, unless there are some obvious differences between them. For example, functional level factor such as car efficacy and usefulness are main concerns for second car buyers. Moreover, this article also mentioned that a high gear level of investment in advertising and promotional activities may not be able to guarantee a high percentage of repeat purchase. However, a long-term stable client relationship will probably increase the probability of second time purchase.This journal is effectively to analysis interrelationship between consumers first car and second car, and common facts which seem to influence the publics purchase behavior. The survey uses a probability sampling approach conducted with the passenger car owners in India with 525 samples. However, in this article, the author does not mention the relationship and importance between satisfaction of customers on the second-hand value of the first car and loyalty for choosing the second-hand car, because a high level of satisfaction, may bring referral and repeat purchase.Randol E. Bucklin, S. Siddarth, Jorge M. Silva-Risso,(2008), Distri howeverion Intensity and New Car Choice,JOURNAL OF MARKETING RESEARCH, Vol. XLV, 473-496. This journal demonstrate that the relationship between 4S shops diffusion intensity of cars and brand new car buyers choices in the U. S. automobile market. Different from price, effect of advertising, promotional activities and other factors, dissemination intensity changes relatively slow, but the distribution intensity will be affected some variables, thereby great power affect decisions of consumers buying cars.Additionally, this article used information on the U. S car sales transactions gave by the Power Information Ne 2rk, which included the accu rate geographic locations of consumers and dealers. Non-probability sampling method was used in 55 4S shops as a samples. Dealer accessibility, dealer concentration and dealer spread would determine distribution intensity and then will largely affect the choice of the people for the car brands.This journal is relevant to the topic of this query, firstly it provides information about what factors will influence the publics choice of car, secondly it shows how the three main variables influence the distribution intensity of each brand, so that influence the publics choice of car. However, this study focuses on only the distribution intensity about car dealers, makes no attempt to differentiate between various different types of car, and the conclusion power not suitable for the niche car brands. Beside this, the author might drip the fact that distribution intensity ontributes to high-end car brands. Dharmaraj,C. , Clement,S. J. ,(2010). Brand Preference Factors of Passenger Cars An data-based Assessment, Indiana University Press, The IUP Journal of Brand Management, 7(3),19-33. This article mainly analyzes the factors which will influence consumers self-propelling brand preference. According to the authors study, performance of passenger cars are considered as the most important factor which might dominate consumers preference, especially for male consumers, but economic abilities are the bases of the preference.In addition, the marketing communication strategy of a car will also largely affect the overall decisions of consumers. In conclusion, the comprehensive volume of a car, such as safety factor, industrial design, stability, scientific and technological content, durability, daily use cost, re-sale value , fuel consumption, comforts and so on, each of them is factor influence people s preference and choice of car. This study is highly relevant to the topic of this research and demonstrates most of factors that will influent consumer purchase preference comprehensively and systematically.Although this survey collected data employ questionnaires from 712 car buyers/owners by simple random sampling, there is not any variables about the respondents are addressed. In addition, the author offers no explanation for the distinction between Indian car market and developed countries market, the simple random sampling method was conducted in a midsize Indian city. Therefore, it is slightly possible that the survey result might not apply for city of Glasgow. Baltas,G. , Saridakis,G. 2009),Brand-name effects, segment differences, and product characteristics an integrated model of the car market, Journal of Product & Brand Management, 18(2), 143 -151. This article discusses that price of car is a main factor influence the publics choice, and the price structure of new car market is determined by automobile characteristics, brand effects, and segment differences. A hedonic price experimental model is designed and implemented that includes bra nd-name heterogeneousness and functional characteristics.In addition, another extensive dataset model is applied to support the brand effects and hypotheses of segment differences. According to these two models, in mainstream car market, the functional characteristics determines automobile prices largely , however in high-end car market, incremental value is added to a car because its brand value , so the connotation of the brand value reconcile the price of prestige brands cars in large extent. The findings of this article include relevant information to this research. Firstly, it is a great probability that price of car is one of key facts which influence the publics choice.This article demonstrates that there are at least three reasons determine the structure of automobile prices, and analyzes the variables and decisive factors of prices in mainstream segments and high-end segments respectively. However, the research focuses on many of the variables affecting the price of car a nd does not take into account other factors such as the industrial design of a car and the impact of marketing strategies. At the same time, mentioned in the text, the implicit brand value will affect car prices, thereby affecting consumers choice, but it is possible that the brand price is difficult to be quantified accurately.Kathuria,L. M. , Singla,V. ,(2012) Purchase of Pre-Owned Small Cars in India An Exploratory Study, The IUP Journal of Marketing Management, 11(2),63-75. This study highlights that the main factors impacting the buying choice of second hand subtile vehicle were purchasing power constraint, high cost-effective, improve driving skills, desire for car , high resale price, good quality of after-sales service, brand public praise and easy to maintenance. Additionally, families who want to buy new four-wheelers to replace old two-wheelers should be seen as a new market segment might be targeted for selling cars.This article contributes to understand different and s imilar factors between people buying a new small car and pre-owned car. Nevertheless, the article was incisively focus on small vehicle with a specification requirements of length? 4 meters and with an engine displacement? 1,500 cubic centimeters (cc) for diesel and petrol, therefore, the universality of the research results might have certain limitations. Methodology As can be seen from previous studies and related sources, the factors affecting peoples choice can be divided into two move to analysis respectively.The one part is factors that influence people to buy a new car and the other is factors that influence people to choose a used car. Moreover, the new car dealers and used car markets are also often separated. Therefore, an explanatory study to illustrate the relationship between the consumer preferences and purchase factors by using a quantitative method is essential. In addition , the relationship between these two parts, as well as the positive and negative effects of factors of two parts would be explored with exploratory study concluded by a qualitative method.In modern societies, the number of car owners is very numerous, so within a short period of time to collect the data information from a large population base which is very important and not very easy. Although a case study strategy could be used to explore a contemporary phenomenon in its real life context, but it may take more time and lack breadth which makes it hard to generalize results (Saunders et al. 2009 141-154). Beside this, survey data usually comes from standardizing academic investigating behaviors and as wellls, so that might make results more positive and reliable.Therefore, survey is a suitable research strategy for this research. According to Bryman (2012) points out that quantitative research may sometimes be untrusted because the data can be artificial and spurious. Because of there is a very numerous number of car owners, so a non-probability sampling would be used in this research. As here are almost 700,000 people who lived in the city of Glasgow, that means the sample size might bigger, a questionnaire is a data collection proficiency in which each person responds to the same set of questions, so questionnaire is more suitable for this research.Although the non-standardised interviews as a method is good for demonstrating the reasons for the decisions and attitudes of research participants (Saunders et al. 2009, 361), it would take too much time, also human and material resources. Ethic issues are delineate as a situation or problem that needs people or organization to make a choice between options that must be evaluated as wrong (un honourable) or right (ethical)( championship Dictionary,2012).According to the British Sociological Association(20042), the social research projects are designed and conducted, ethical issues are necessary to be taken into consideration. In this research, the non-maleficence which contains physical and indirect harm is the cornerstone of all the ethical issues in the research (Saunders, el at. 2007 181). In addition, the violation personal privacy and the protection of confidentiality may be the potential ethical issues.Maximum extent to avoid the occurrence of these ethical concerns, before the implementation of the access section of research, questionnaire participants will be informed firstly,the purpose of this research, their participation is valuable, the results of the research may contribute to R & D and sales of new cars so that they can have a more suitable vehicle and a better car user experience Secondly, respondents participate in this research follow the principles of voluntary and informed consent, whenever and wherever they can withdraw(Saunders et al, 2009193) Thirdly, participants do not have to worry about their personal information will be faced with rick of leakage, because the questionnaire are anonymous.In addition, as car is a expensive commodity, questions on quest ionnaire about personal income and household economic situation of participants should be avoided, so as not to violate their privacy. Beside this, most of purchase of cars are family behavior, taking into account the special circumstances of some families, such as divorce, therefore the mating status should avoid being asked, so as not to cause discomfort of participants. As Golafshani(2003598) points out that the reliability is to ensure the consistency of research data collection and analysis. The risk of collecting data may do harmful to research reliability mainly relies on participants.According to Bell(2010151), participants may finish the questionnaires inaccurately because of many reasons such as bad mood or time limited. If the participants are too excited or in a hurry, there is a small possibility that they fill the questionnaire patiently that would result in the data lacking of reliability, thereby affecting the consistency of collecting data. To solve this problem, u se of internet-mediated questionnaires may be more effective, because of the respondents could complete the online questionnaire whenever and wherever they would like. The length of the questionnaire and the use of professional vocabulary may also are potential factors which may influence the research reliability.Advice from Bellk(2006325), questionnaire is designed no more than two pages may contribute to increasing the quality and completeness. In addition, there are many specialized vocabulary in automotive sector, such as turbocharged and dual-rotor engine, that would confused participants. Therefore, common and usual words should be used as far as possible. According to cook and campbell(1979), the validity is defined as best available approximation to the truth or falsity of a given inference, proposition or conclusion. Firstly, The non-probability sampling will be applied in this research, due to the characteristics of this method, the non-probability sampling will cause a ce rtain threat to validity.Moreover, in the process of collecting data, there is possibility that the instrumentality may change so that influencing the results of this research. Word Count 2278. References Andersson, H. (2005), The value of safety as revealed in the Swedish car market an application of the hedonic set approach, The Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Vol. 30 No. 3, pp. 211-39. Baltas,G. , Saridakis,C. (2009), Brand-name effects, segment differences, and product characteristics an integrated model of the car market, Journal of Product & Brand Management, 18(2),pp. 143 -151. Belk,R. (2006), Handbook of qualitative Research Methods. Northampton Edward Elgar. pp. 322. Bell, J. (2010).Doing your research project, 5th edition. Berkshire Open University Press. pp. 148-152. British Sociological Association,(2004), Statement of Ethical Practice for the Sociological Association. pp. 2-7. Bryman,A. , (2012). Social Research Method, Fourth Edition, Oxford Oxford University Press Business Dictionary, Ethical Issue, Retrieved 21 November 2012 from http//www. businessdictionary. com/definition/ethical-issue. html Couton,C. , Gardes,F. And Thepaut,Y. (1996), epicurean prices for environmental and safety characteristics and the Akerlof effect in the French car market. Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 3, pp. 435-40. Dharmaraj,C. , Sudhahar, C. J. ,(2010).Brand Preference Factors of Passenger Cars An Empirical Assessment, Indiana University Press, The IUP Journal of Brand Management, 7(3),pp. 19-33. Golafshani,H. (2003),Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research,The Qualitative Report, 8(4). PP. 597-607. http//www. nova. edu/ssss/QR/QR8-4/golafshani. pdf Kathuria,L. M. , Singla,V. ,(2012) Purchase of Pre-Owned Small Cars in India An Exploratory Study, The IUP Journal of Marketing Management. 11(2). pp. 63-75. Reis, H. J. , Silva,S. ,and J. M. C. (2006), Hedonic price indices for new passenger cars in Portugal (1997-2001), Economic Modelling, Vol . 23, pp. 890-908. Randol,E. , Bucklin,S. , and Siddarth, Jorge M.Silva-Risso,(2008), Distribution Intensity and New Car Choice, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 45(3), pp. 473-496. Saunders,M. , Lewis,P. , and Thornhill,A. (2009), Research Methods for Business Students. Fifth Edition. Essex learner Hall. Sousanis, and John,(2011), World Vehicle Population Tops 1 Billion Units, Wards Auto. Retrieved 17 Nov. 2012,From http//wardsauto. com/ar/world_vehicle_population_110815 Banerjee, S. (2010) ,Study on Consumer Buying Behavior During Purchase of a Second Car , Journal of Marketing & Communication ,6 (2),pp. 4-13. White, R. (2004), How people buy cars, Admap, February, pp. 15-17. White, R. (2006), Advertising cars, Admap, July/August, pp. 14-15.

Debut Albums and High Social Status Essay

Different people have different ambitions. I have many ambitions in my life. virtually want to be rich. Some wish to suffer leaders of the country to gain honor. Some desire to be great scientists. There atomic number 18 others who are mainly conduct by a spirit of adventure. The latest craze among young boys and girls is to go to foreign countries. Their aim in life is to earn a lot of coin within a short period. I am a human being. I too have my own ambition. My ambition in life is not wealth, power or high social status. I am too modest a young man to aim at any of these things. My ambitions are simple enough. My first ambition is the usefulness of the poor and the down-trodden. My content weeps at the sight of people in trouble. I do my best to help those who lead my help. And what a joy it is to me to find that I have been of service to someone.To work for others gives me a sort of peace of mind. My second ambition in life is to become a good, hardworking and an honest e ngineer. Different people have different ambitions. I have many ambitions in my life. Some want to be rich. Some wish to become leaders of the country to gain honor. My ambition in life is not wealth, power or high social status. I am too modest a young man to aim at any of these things. My ambitions are simple enough. My first ambition is the service of the poor and the down-trodden. My heart weeps at the sight of people in trouble. I do my best to help those who need my help. And what a joy it is to me to find that I have been of service to someone. To work for others gives me a sort of peace of mind. My second ambition in life is to become a good, hardworking and an honest engineer.

American Revolution Essay

The American Revolution is said to be one of the most impacted events that shaped America into what it is today. The American Revolution was also known as the American War of Independence, which lasted for eight long dreadful years. There were many causes that caused the revolution which also crest to terrible events afterwards (although some of the outcomes were good). One of the causes was the Stamp and Sugar Acts, 17631766. The Stamp Act (1765) was designed to brook revenue from the American colonist in the thirteen colonies. (landofthebrave.com) The Sugar Act (1764) set a assess on sugar and molasses that was imported into the colonies, and also valuateed other foreign trading goods. (historyrocket.com) Another cause of the American Revolution was the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party, 1770-1773. The Boston Massacre was a protest against the tax collectors, government officials and merchants, British troops were c on the wholeed in to handle the bunchs, but when they got there the crowd had grew.When the crowd and troops fought, only 5 civilians were killed. The Boston Tea Party happened on December 16, 1773, which was when the crowd in Boston dressed up disguised as American Indians, then they boarded ships which contained the afternoon tea, and then proceeded to dump 342 chests of tea that belonged to the East India Company into the sea. Another cause of the war was that the American colonies had a growing demand of freedom, to channel away from the British. One of the effects that came out of the American Revolution was the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of independence was pen in July of 1776, by Thomas Jefferson. It explained why the colonies have overthrown their ruler and chosen to take their place as a separate nation in the world. (sparknotes.com)The Declaration Independence was to express the way that the colonies were now their own, not under British rule anymore. People in the United States of America now celebrate this actually special holiday every year on July 4. Another effect of the American Revolution was the tear of Rights, December 15, 1791. The first hug drug amendments of the Constitution are known as the Bill of Rights, and are ten of the most important amendments written in many peoples opinion. After the war, trading with other countries in the Mediterranean became even more difficult. This was because there was a lack of protection by British navy from all of the pirates out in the open sea.

Howard Zinn Chapter 13 Analysis Essay

Zinn opens chapter with the recognition that war and jingoism might postpone, besides could non fully suppress, the class elicit that came from the realities of ordinary life. Despite the brief interlude that momentarily quelled class encroach, the issues at lieu had never been resolved and resurfaced with a vengeance. More and more writers were writing from a Socialist mindset Upton Sinclair create The Jungle in 1906, as a commentary on Chicagos meatpacking industry. In writing the book, Sinclair was influenced by writers like Jack London, a Socialist who had grown up in destitution in the Bay Area. London publish The Iron Heel in 1906, warning Ameri kittys about fascism and indicts the capitalist system In the face of the facts that modern man lives more wretchedly than the cave-man, and that his producing power is a curtilage times greater than that of the cave-man, no former(a) conclusion is possible than that the capitalist class has mismanaged criminally and egotisti f oreshadowy mismanaged.Even an exiled Henry James condemned the U.S. when he visited in 1904. The corrupt actions of the American government and business selected were on the lips of activists, writers, and artists around the world Socialism couldnt help simply spread. One of the most notability labor incidents in this era occurred at the trigon Shirtwaist Company. New York had more than 500 habilitate factories, mostly staffed by women, and the conditions in all were equally as deplorable. In the spend of 1909, women at the Triangle Shirtwaist Co. organized a encounter, they were doubtful that many more than 3,000 women would turn out with the cold weather condition and not all the factories participating, but more than 20,000 showed up. The recently organized Ladies Garment Workers Union was exploitation by the thousand every day. The strike went on through and through the winter, despite police, arrests, scabs and prison. In more than three atomic number 6 shops, workers won their demands.Women now became officials in the union. However, the conditions of the factories themselves did not change all that much, and on the afternoon of March 25, 1911, a fire broke out at the TS Company on the 8th-9th floors too high for fire ladders to reach. The milling machinery doors had also been locked to manage workers, which was against the law. In fact, TS Co. broke several safety codes, ultimately causing their female employees to be trapped and burned to death146 Triangle workers, mostly women, were burned or crushed to death. These were not the nevertheless tragedies in the year 1904, 27,000 workers were killed on the job. Millions of workers toiled in dangerous conditions to fatten bank accounts of the wealthy. Zinn keeps the starting time numbers coming In 1914, 35,000 workers were killed in industrial accidents and 700,000 injured. The womens movement of the time was an interesting one, with women a good deal divided between suffragism and socialism. Many women were skeptical of the suffrage movement and spoke out on other issues. Margaret Sanger was one of the first women to speak out about birth check over No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her own body. No woman can call herself free until she can choose conscientiously whether she will or will not be a mother. Emma Goldman believed the suffrage movement to be a waste of time, noting, Every inch of ground has gained has been through constant fight, a ceaseless struggle for self-assertion, and not through suffrage. Her development, her freedom, her independence, must come from and through her only that, and not the ballot, will set women free. Helen Keller also believed in this struggle outside the ballot knock these women wanted something more immediate and direct than the vote.This is an issue with I am constantly torn. There is something so simple and almost beautiful in a people voting and deciding as a group cant we just vote our focus to utopi a? However, when you think about the politics shag what even ends up on a ballot, you can start to feel powerless, and the vote meaningless I understand why these women would want to fight for something greater. Zinn touches on demands and protests to end child labor, before moving on to the deteriorating situation for blacks across the nation, or what he calls the low point. Blacks were being beaten, lynched, murdered and the government sit by and did nothing. But what surprised me is that the Socialist party did not go much out of its way to act on the race question either. One member wrote about Debs, he always insisted on absolute equivalence. But he failed to accept the view that special measures were sometimes needed to achieve this equality. Ah, the early discussion of affirmative action and the thought that after century of oppression, laws would just make things equal.Blacks began to drug abuse this momentous period to organize as well, and formed the National afro-Ameri can Council, as well as the National Association for nonreversible Women. W.E.B. DuBois had just written The Souls of Black Folk and called black leaders in cin one casert for a conference near Niagara Fallsthe start of the Niagara Movement. These leaders called for a much more mathematical group and revolutionary approach, encountering the moderate ideas of men like Booker T. Washington. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was formed after a race riot in Springfield, IL in 1910, but whites dominated the leadership. The NAACP focused mainly on legal action and education, but DuBois, one of the officers, championed the notion that continual manly agitation is the way to liberty. Its interesting to note that this was the start of the nations Progressive Period a time when new amendments and laws were being passed all the time.However, these laws didnt necessarily return blacks, women, labor organizations, or Socialists they were more a response to the shifting social tide what doesnt bend, breaks, and justly? As Zinn notes, it was a reluctant reform, aimed at quieting the everyday risings, not making fundamental changes. In profit to numerous food, drug, and safety regulations, the nation witnessed the 16th Amendment graduated income tax and 17th Amendment election of Senators by popular vote. However, these reforms were less about actual social change and more a necessary response to growing social agitation in order to create a middle-class cushion for class conflictan attempt by the system to adjust to changing conditions in order to achieve more stability. Zinn quotes Harold Faulkner by dint of rules with impersonal sanctions, it sought continuity and predictability in a world of endless change. It assigned far greater power to governmentand it encouraged the centralization of authority.What happened was the emergence of political capitalism, in which business community took firmer control of the political system because the private economy was not efficient enough to forestall protest from below. The businessmen were not opposed to the new reforms they initiated them, pushed them, to stabilize the capitalist system in a time of distrust and trouble. No longer did we have a government throwing the occasional big bone to business, but a government that was bent over a chair, pants around the ankles with big business. Zinn closes his chapter focusing on the idea that much of the intense activity for Progressive reform was intended to head off. The Rising heave of Socialism and zooms in on one key event the Colorado Coal Strike which began in September 1910 and culminated in the Ludlow Massacre of April 1914. 11,000 miners worked for the Colorado Fuel & Iron Corporation.When a union organizer was murdered, the workers began to strike in protest of low pay, dangerous conditions and feudal domination. Immediately, the miners were evicted from their shacks and forced to live in tent colonies in nearby hills. Gunmen hired by Rockefeller interests raided the colonies and were eventually joined by the National Guard. The strikers held out through the winter of 1913-1914 and it became clear that only drastic measures would break the strike. So, on April 20th a machine gun attack was opened on the tents, and the strikers fired back. The Guards set fire to the tents, burning some people to death. Eventually national troops were brought in to restore order, but only after 26 men, women, and children had lost their lives. It was clear once again that unrest at home would not stop, so the government, once again, looked outside its borders for a distraction.

Culture Within Organizations: Southwest Airlines

A finishing is a set of values that atomic number 18 adopted by sight who co-ha crisp any place. It consists of sh atomic number 18d traits and lifestyles. Within an organization, culture refers to values and norms that atomic number 18 common throughout the contri providedeplace and amongst the employees. This includes their mannerisms, attitudes, and pass water ethic. goal within an organization exerts control over the behavior of people. ripening and success of a company depends largely on the type of culture which is prevalent within an organization. legion(predicate) different types of culture exist in commercees today.Certain cultures encourage employees to work and grow together as a familythereby creating unity. Others may place emphasis on higher ranking employees, which leaves those at the bottom of the hierarchy bitter or resentful, creating a workplace which may not be friendly or comfortable. or so companies may opt to stick to what they know, thereby stifli ng creativity and growth by eliminating experimentation. On the former(a)(a) hand, a company may be overly innovative and always looking for new ideas and taking new risks.Although this sounds good in theory, it may lead to an unstable work environment. Culture abide all(prenominal) make or break an organization. Culture is not a tangible object. It is the result of heeds beliefs and values and employees implementation of those beliefs and values. It exists within all organizations and can be determined, for practice, by looking at the prepargon code within the workplace. It can as well be seen by observing employee interaction and behavior. One can overly get an idea of an organizations culture by taking note of its traffic with those outside of the company (i. . customer service). Culture makes up the person-to-personity of an organization. It is crucial that a tyrannical organizational culture is created, taught and adhered to. It can be used to improve the efficie ncy and work ethic of employees in an organization. It also has a powerful influence over the behavior of individuals and drives per dramatis personaeance of the workforce. A strong personality adds guinea pig to an individual. Likewise, organizational culture gives a business its own special identity. It creates unity among employees and embeds in them the spirit of teamwork.An example of an organization which has a strong culture that has helped it thrive in the aviation industry is southwestern Airlines. south-west Airlines (SWA) was founded by Rollin King, M. Lamar Muse and Herb Kelleher in 1966. They began servicing Dallas, Houston and San Antonio in 1971, after winning a court-ordered battle fought in the U. S. Supreme Court. The airline started off by offering six daily roundtrip flight of stepss amidst Dallas and San Antonio, and 12 daily roundtrip flights between Dallas and Houston.They began with one simple notion If you get your passengers to their destinations when they want to get there, on season, at the lowest possible fares, and make darn sure they have a good sentence doing it, people will fly your airline (www. southwest. com). This notion has led to a very unique culture at SWAone that puts customer service at its center. This can be seen through their mission statement, as per their website dedication to the highest quality of Customer Service delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride, and Company Spirit.Their emblematic form of customer service comes as a direct result of how employees at SWA are treated. We are committed to provide our Employees a stable work environment with equal opportunity for learning and personal growth. Creativity and innovation are encouraged for improving the effectiveness of southwestern Airlines. Above all, Employees will be provided the same concern, respect, and caring attitude within the organization that they are expected to share externally with any Southwest Customer (Freib erg and Freiberg).SWA management has created a culture where employees are treated as the companys number one asset. There is limited emphasis on formal organizational structure and the work environment combines humor with responsibility. Their happy workforce creates maximum productivitywillingly. Trust and respect between the workers and management is an integral part of the companys success. SWA has exemplified that culture starts from within. Passion shown on the inside will echo outwards and customers will see it. SWA has been able to do this consistently.Customers see the passion exerted by SWA employees and it makes them want to trigger with them. The uplifting, spirited personalities of employees keep customers coming back for more(prenominal). This can be seen in the fact that SWA has consecutively record profits for the last 40 years (www. southwest. com). The positive attitudes exerted by SWA employees are contagious and trickle sight to its customers. As reported on the company website, Southwest Airlines has consistently received the lowest ratio of complaints per passengers ageed of all Major U. S. arriers that have been reporting statistics to the Department of Transportation since September 1987. The spirit that exists throughout SWA empowers its employees to believe in themselves, the service they are providing, the business as a whole, and the customers that they serve. The unique culture keeps employee morale high. All employees, including flight attendants, customer service reps, and baggage handlers, are encouraged to take whatever action they deem requirement to meet customer needs or help fellow workers (Milliman). This has led to both employee and customer loyalty.Employees ascertain needed which results in a devotion to the company. In turn, customers experience exceptional service where they truly are put first, creating a sense of belonging. Much of SWAs success is due to the willingness of its leadership to be innovative. t umble Herb Kelleher studied California-based Pacific Southwest Airlines extensively and used many of the airlines ideas to form the corporate culture at Southwest. Early on, they adopted the Long Legs and Short Nights theme for stewardesses on board typical Southwest Airlines flights.They selected beautiful flight attendants with unique personalities and dressed them in hot pants and go-go boots to envision a fun and one-of-a-kind travelers experience (http//avstop. com). Operating out of Love Field, love became their promotional theme. Flight attendants would serve love potions and love bites (otherwise known as drinks and peanuts) to the companys clientele of mostly male business fliers (Pederson). Many purposes made by Kelleher have produced positive outcomes for SWA. For example, since its inception, SWA chose to buy its commercial airplanes from one manufacturer.This decision has allowed them to reducing operational expenses, as well as reduce maintenance and repair costs fo r their large fleet. By choosing a single supplier, the need for customer support, maintenance, monitoring, training, etc. has been reduced, thereby reducing costs for the company. They have also trimmed the time it takes to perform ground duties, once their airplanes land. This has led to a quicker turnaround time for the next flight to take off, thereby leading to profits for the company.Another move by SWA which keeps competitors at verbalise is their reservation system. Reservations are taken only through the internet, thereby reducing costs of using just the ticket counter employees. This method saves both the customer and the airline time and money. Kellehers paradigm for success starts with the shopping centre of the companyits employees. Hiring motivated people and allowing them to incorporate their creativity in day-to-day activities is key. By giving employees decision making abilities, they are made to feel important.A sense of pride takes root within each employee, wh ich positively impacts the customers that they deal with. This is reflected in their work output and creates greater efficiency, which leads to profitability for the company. Additionally, happier employees are able to provide punter customer service, in turn making the experience an all around positive one. As Amy Marhoffer, Culture Communications and Planning specialist at SWA puts it, well-chosen Employees=Happy Customers=Increased commerce/Profits=Happy Shareholders. Although compensation is often viewed as the number one motivator, Kelleher understands the importance that employee morale bumps. A little bit of fun can translate into a lot of productivity. Bailey explains how positive morale can produce more efficiency SWA, after pay cuts at other airlines, has the industrys highest wages. But because of efficient work habits, measured in how much it spends to fly a passenger a given distance, its costs are the lowest among big airlines (Bailey).It is important to note that t he success of SWA is due not only to the culture but also its ability to adapt to the industrys needs. The airline industry in particular, is one that is hard dependent on customer service the happier customers are, the more positive their experience will be. Unfortunately, there is tidy sum of untapped productivity among corporations stuck in the old ways of oppression and tyranny. Kellehers approach shows that he understands people he allows them to be themselves, which creates a positive work environment and a desire to be the best.He has sure-firely created a culture that has the properties of fun, entertainment and genuine care at its core. When Southwest started in 1971 they were just a small regional carrier flying from Houston to Dallas. Over the course of the last 40+ years, they have successfully expanded into a major airline carrier. SWA is now Americas largest low-fare carrier, serving more customers domestically than any other airline. They are comprised of nearly 46 ,000 employees and serve more than 100 million customers each year.SWA operates more than 3,000 flights a day, with its foot soldier AirTran operating an additional 520 flights a day (www. southwest. com). They would not be where they are today without the innovative persuasion of its leaders and the strong culture they created. Although corporate culture is not a tangible object, the results of a successful culture will produce tangible success. SWA has positioned itself for competitive advantage by creating a work environment which permits people to be their best selves and consistently outperform their competitors.It has been able to create and sustain a strong, positive culture which attracts not only the best talent, but a loyal customer base as well. The tremendous growth and profit of SWA brings to light how corporate culture, employee morale and customer service can play an integral part in the overall success of a corporation. These intangible elements are what make SWA an excellent example of a successful corporate culture. Works Cited AvStop Aviation News and Resource Online Magazine. History of Southwest Airlines http//avstop. om/history/historyofairlines/southwest. html) Bailey, Jeff (2008) Southwest. Way Southwest The New York Times Freiberg, K. & Freiberg, J. (1996) Nuts Southwest Airlines Crazy Recipe for Business and Personal Success. New York Broadway Marhoffer, Amy. (2011) Southwest Airlines Gets It With Our Culture http//www. blogsouthwest. com/blog/southwest-airlines-gets-it-our-culture Pederson, Jay P. (2005) International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 71. St. James Press Southwest Airlines Co. (2013) Southwest Airlines http//www. southwest. com/

Socioeconomic Structures and History in Spanish and Portuguese

Heather Coffey HIST 3401W December 18th, 2012 Socioeconomic Structures and History in Spanish and Lusitanian America from the seduction until Post Colonial Period Throughout the entire fib of Portuguese and Spanish occupation of the Americas there were evolving hierarchies, labor regimes, gender relations, sources of riches, regions of wealth, trade routes, uprisings, economic hard clock and high times, etc. A very prominent source behind this constant ebb and pay heed of the history of Portuguese and Spanish Americas rear easily be attri thated to the economic forces always at play.It can be seen in the reasons for the conquest of Latin america and South America, the onset of the colonial stop and the rebellions of 18th century. It is important to understand the economic drives that were in play in the beginning of the conquest because it would inevitably transplant the social landscape of Mexico, the outlying islands and South America forever. The Age of Exploration broug ht upon a wealth of cognition for the world, and specifically for the Kingdoms of Spain and Portugal it overly brought a lot of wealth.The rivalry betwixt the two kingdoms and need for financial gains lead the two to divide the areas of the world where exploration was viable with the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 which divided the lands East of the demarcation line (halfway between the Cape Verde Islands) to Portugal and the lands west of that to Spain. Keeping within these boundaries, explorers such as Christopher Columbus, Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro (among umpteen others) look for the newly discovered Americas in search of new land, but also new sources of wealth.Upon reaching the Americas, both(prenominal) in Mexico and the surrounding areas as advantageously as South America, whizz of the main goals was the search for wealth in Gold and Silver. The hunt for both as well as other rich resources at first led the explorers on a wild goose chase around the alien la nds and congenital people until areas were found and deemed suitable for settlement and a worthy and financially sound decision as it would prove to be for Spain and Portugal. where have men seen what they see today, fleets entering loaded with gold and silver as if it were iron? Or where was it known or read that so much wealth could come from one kingdom? So much and so great is it that Spain is full of these treasures, and her cities are populated by many rich perusers who have left there. 1 Once regions were settled and indigenous resistance to colonizing efforts were temporarily brought fairly under control the exploitation of the rich resources of the land began.There were shiploads of Spanish and Portuguese men (and some women) brought into Latin America to aid in the settlement process, but it was the indigenous that were used in the farming and archeological site of these resources as well as the upkeep of the households of the white families by the indigenous women. Thi s aided in the introduction of the pyramid of the divisions of class and caste end-to-end all of Mexico and South America, at first drawing decided lines between White and Indian. As time progresses the indigenous succumb to diseases brought by the white people and the nation of Indians from all regions declines drastically.African slave trade was key here as they replaced the vast numbers of Indians lost, but also then entered them into the socio-economic orders. In the times of the conquest and the beginnings of the colonial period the lines of race were much clearer, White, Indian and Black, but this would change and the lines would blur through out the colonial period as races mix. The gender relations between the races began early with, more commonly, the slave women or african or Indian descent brought in to do slave work in white households or to do the female tasks of spinning wool, etc. , women were interpreted in as concubines and thus the blending of white and indian and black began. By the colonial period and beyond there would be upwards of sixteen different names for the gradations in color and by and by class. The very bottom of the social pyramid being slaves, mostly blacks who were immovable in the caste remains due to their involuntary citizenship and thus assumed treachery3. Its interesting to see how the need for free and flash labor brought what would shape the future identities that would become those of the Americas.Over time the economies of both Spain and portugal became dependent on the goods, tax revenues and tributes approach shot from Latin America and through times when the goods werent doing so well they had to rely more heavily on other aspects. There were periods of time when the silver production at Potosi, for instance, wasnt doing well due to lack of supplies parcel out for mining. These regions then would be hit heavily with raised tributes from lower social orders as well as enforced and raised taxes on goods tr aded within the regions as would be the cause of the Repartimiento de Comercio in 1751.These financial strains as well as the enforced labor of men used as tribute as well (mita) left the majority of the universe of discourse (lower classes) financially and even physically weak. This continued to grow and grow throughout the colonial period caused great discontent Conflicts over land distribution, tribute rates, mitt allocations, the succession to pagan leadership posts, and abuses by local priests and corregidores frequently disturbed local indigenous communities during the eighteenth century. The spread of the response often exacerbated such local tensions, leading to an escalation of violence. 4 These issues would like to the uprisings and rebellions that would create chaos for the Spanish and Portuguese throughout the late eighteenth century and on, the most notable being those lead by Tomas Katari, Tupac Amaru II and Tupac Katari in Peru and upper Peru from 1780-1783. The so cioeconomic history of Spanish and Portuguese America is a large topic, hard to even begin to explain in a short paper as this. That being said, I believe that its important to understand the impact that it had on the entire region.The effects that it had on the populations from the declining population of indigenous from illness brought from Europe, to the subsequent new races of people caused by the blending of populations all forced to go together. Also the strain that this would inevitably hurl on those being taken advantage of by the colonial leaders and Castilian and Portuguese crowns. This entire history from the fifteenth century until the early nineteenth century was put into motion by cause and effect situations led by the greed of men, this need for wealth that would take over and hange the lives of millions. 1. Quote from Pedro Cieza de Leon in the Discovery and Conquest of Peru, Pp. 33. Lecture notes from Thursday, Sept. 27th. 2. Townsend, Camilla. Malintzins Choices An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuqurque 2006. Pp. 35 3. Weaver-Oldon, Nathan. Lecture Oct. 2 . Critical Ways that Indians and Africans Seen As Different. 4. Andrien, Kenneth. Andean Worlds Indigenous History, gardening ,and Consciousness Under Spanish Rule, 1532-1825. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. 2001. Pp. 202-203